English Language Varieties Essay Example for Free

position Language Varieties EssayEnglish has spread rapidly, even since independence, either as a premiere diction or as a medium of education for non-native speakers (Platt and Weber, 2002). The actual range of varieties of English is much greater than is found in the British Isles. On the one hand we shag speak of an acrolect or high status variety, and on the other a basilect or low status variety, with the mesolect occupying the intermediate position.These harm be usually descriptive of what is known as a post-creole continuumthat is the range of non-discrete varieties in a post-colonial situation ranging from the acrolect, which is generally very close to the measurement oral communication of the colonial power, through to the basilect, which structurally resembles a creole. It is sufficient here to characterise a creole as a mixed language, resulting historically from contact mingled with speakers of different and mutually unintelligible languages.Creoles ar usua lly associated with colonial situations and are generally assigned a very low social status. Basilectal speakers, who occupy the low position in a post-creole continuum, are often quite unintelligible to speakers of the acrolect. All speakers occupy a range on this acrolectbasilect continuum, which correlates well-nigh with their social status, unfirm along it according to social context in much the same way as British speakers manipulate linguistic variables. Of course, the extent of linguistic dissimilitude is much greater.Such continua defecate been described in Jamaica by De Camp (2001) and in Guyana by Bickerton (1995), and it is likely, we should none, that these studies will be of increasing relevance to an understanding of the sociolinguistic structure of ethnic minority communities in Britain. A detailed account of the structure and function of pidgins and creoles is not directly relevant here, but concerned readers are referred to Todd (2000) for an introductory acco unt of the social, political and linguistic issues involved.Although respectable Victorians were already reacting strongly against the prescriptive attitudes of the eighteenth century, the most extreme anti-prescriptive statements, as far as we know, are those make by some members of the American structuralist school of linguistics. Bloomfield (199322) felt that discovering why aint is considered bad and am not devout is not a fundamental question in linguistics, and he thought it strange that people without linguistic training should devote a great deal of effort to futile discussions of this topic.Bloomfield was certainly implying that the drive of prescriptivism was not of central interest to linguistics he was thereby limiting the field of linguistics to a descriptive study of form and system in language which takes relatively little account of language as a social phenomenon. Some of Bloomfields followers have gone further than this and have bamed unscientific approaches to language with missionary zeal. C. C.Fries (1997) seems to have equated tralatitious school grammar with prescription (which was by definition bad and unscientific in the view of structural linguists of the time), and in his book on English syntax he went so far as to even reject conventional linguistic terms such as noun, verb and adjective. Friess work was directed towards the educational system at the ordinary consumer. Anxious to keep in line all his readers that their use of language was just as good as that of anyone else, he proclaimed that there is no such thing as good or bad, correct or incorrect, grammatical or ungrammatical, in language.English in westbound Europe and America Although linguistic scholars would certainly dispute the lucubrate of this pronouncement, they have continued (for the most part) to assert or assume that their discipline is descriptive and theoretical and that they do not deal in prescription. In Western Europe and America most theoretical li nguists would still affirm that all forms of language are in principle equal.As Hudson (2002191) has put it Linguists would claim that if they were only when shown the grammars of ii different varieties, one with high and the other with low prestige, they could not tell which was which, any more than they could predict the skin colour of those who speak the two varieties. Although some evidence from work by social psychologists (Giles et al. , 2000) lends some support to Hudsons point, we do not, in fact, know whether stock(a) languages can be conclusively shown to have no purely linguistic characteristics that differentiate them from non-standard forms of language (the matter has not really been investigated).It appears to be an article of faith at the moment that judgments evaluating differences among standard and non-standard varieties are always socially conditioned and neer purely linguistic. However, we shall later suggest that the process of language standardisation inv olves the suppression of optional unevenness in language and that, as a consequence, non-standard varieties can be observed to permit more variability than standard ones (e. g. in pronunciations of particular words). Thus, there whitethorn be one sense at least in which the linguistic characteristics of non-standard varieties differ from those of standards.Standard English UK Variety In the UK, one vehement connoisseur of the supposed malign influence of linguistics on English language commandment is John Honey (1997-2003). He has named an array of linguistic scholars (includingastonishinglyNoam Chomsky, who has never been concerned with educational or social issues), as encouraging a escape of Standard English teaching in schools. This is an entirely false claim. It is dependable that there has been some opposition to the teaching of English grammar, but in our experience this has arisen mainly from the preference of lecturers for literature teaching.Far from discouraging gram mar, university linguists have been closely involved in maintaining and encouraging its teaching. No one has ever opposed the teaching of standard English, and many of those named by Honey as enemies of standard English have devoted much of their careers to teaching ittraining students to write clear and correct standard English. Experienced teachers will not take kindly to an attack that simply appears to them as ignorant, presumptuous and pointlessly offensive.The linguists academic interest in the human capacity to learn and use language is not a threat to the teaching of Standard English, and it can be a great benefit. It does not follow from the educational necessity to focus on the standard that we should neglect to examine and explain the different norms and conventions of speech and writing, or that we should fail to acknowledge that standardised usage is most fully achieved in writing. Nor does it follow that we should neglect the fact that non-standard spoken vernaculars h ave grammars of their own.To investigate the structure of language varieties is an intellectual requirement that cannot be compromised, and which in no way contradicts the importance of the teaching of literacy in a standard language. Amongst other things, research on real language in use can help us to clarify and understand what standard English actually is and appreciate more exactly what its roles and functions are. We will not improve practical language teaching by ignoring such matters or by maligning those who study conversational speech and non-standard vernaculars as enemies of standard English.The authors of elementary books on linguistics, however, have usually been anxious to dissociate their account of the subject from that of traditional handbooks of nicety. As we have seen they usually dismiss prescription routinely, and assert that linguistics is descriptive. Their general pointthat, if one is to study the nature of language objectively, one cannot arouse prior val ue-judgmentsis frequently misunderstood, and it has sometimes called forth splenetic and misinformed denunciations of linguistics as a whole.One example amongst many is Simon (2002). In an essay entitled The rotting of English (2002), Simon blames structural linguistics and literary structuralists for an alleged decline in language use and for permissive attitudes to language What this is, masquerading under the euphemism descriptive linguisticsis a benighted and despicable catering to mass ignorance under the supposed aegis of democracy. His essay is outspoken and full of emotive language (pseudoscientific mumbo jumbo, rock-bottom illiteracy, barbarians, vandalism, etc.), and it betrays ignorance of what linguistics is about. To Simon, linguists are almost equated with some menace that is threatening Western (i. e. American) civilisation from outside. It is unfortunate that misunderstandings and misapplications of the American structural linguists teaching should have made it se em reasonable for anyone to write in this ignorant way. As many people still interpret descriptive linguistics as inimical to standards of usage, there has clearly been some failure of communication between linguistic scholars and the general public.One reason for this is that mainstream linguistics has concentrated more on the abstract and formal properties of language than on language in its social context. Bloomfield (1993), as we saw above, considered that prescription was irrelevant to linguistics as a cognition. Yet some linguists have been directly interested in prescription. Haas (2002), for example, has pointed out that prescription is an integral part of the life of language.By refusing to be interested in prescription, he adds linguists only ensure that every enterprise of linguistic planning will be dominated by ignorant enthusiasts and incompetent pedants (Haas, 20023). Since Haas made these comments, some social and educational linguists have been very active in comme nting on public attitudes and educational policies, and some have represented the subject on advisory committees. A general linguist, R. A. Hudson, is responsible for the Language Workbooks series, published by Routledge.Several relevant books on language variation have appeared, and linguistic correctness was the topic of the 1996 BBC Reith Lectures, delivered by Jean Aitchison (1998). In the USA much of the interest in language differences has been driven by public concern about the language of ethnic minorities. In 1997, the Linguistic Society of America published a document inspired by a controversy about Ebonics (African American gross English), which was recognised by the Oakland (California) School Board as a legitimate form of language.It ended with the following comments There is evidence from Sweden, the US, and other countries that speakers of other varieties can be aided in their learning of the standard variety by pedagogical approaches which recognize the legitimacy o f other varieties of a language. From this perspective, the Oakland School Boards decision to recognize the vernacular of African American students in teaching them Standard English is linguistically and pedagogically sound.

Apple game Console Essay Example for Free

orchard apple tree game Console EssayApple is planning to enter the intensely agonistic gaming industry, dominated by three large competitors, Microsoft, Sony and Nintendo. Apples has success with providing quality products and, has already established marketplaces for Mac computers, notebooks, TV, iPads, iPhones and iPods. As Apple has a paper being high quality, stylish and, luxurious brand, the sore game console will be perceived to have the same qualities. tone 1 Idea Generation With the spic-and-span technology and changing consumer preferences the gaming industry is continuously evolving. With the right product catered to the market, differentiation mountain bring market share, profits and, growth. Using marketing research Apple needs to identify what is already in the market, the demand for them, how they could be improved and differentiated. Step 2 display Strength Already established successful brand name Loyal customers Apple perceived as innovative, superior q uality and, stylish products Ability to suffer higher profits due to premium price charged Weakness.Failure in the launch of the first gaming system Inexperience in the picture game industry Short life span on game consoles Opportunities Apple caters to the premium market which has less competition Continuously expanding market. Consumer demand for new innovative products Threats Intense competition from already established competitors Challenges ca subprogramd by the continuously evolving market to regularly release new innovative products to stay competitive. Risk of reputation if the new launch fails.Step 3 Idea evaluation At the evaluation stage Apple needs obtain an understanding about the consumer chemical reaction towards the product using concept testing. It is important that the target market, the size of the market and potential opportunities are identified when deciding whether to enter the market. Consumer needs should also be identified and the console should be deve loped to satisfy their needs. Rough estimates of costs, revenue and profitability should be made to determine product feasibility.Step 4 knowledge As the product development requires substantial financial commitments, extensive research and development should be carried out before building a prototype. Apple should use innovation and creativity when designing the product ensuring target markets needs are met. Market testing should be carried out to identify the consumer responses and revisions should be done to neutralise failures. Step 5 Commercialization.Before the roll out, extensive advertising and promotion should be carried out to introduce and, to promote the product. As Apple has its own stores, consoles can be initially offered to the market without having to deal with dealers and middlemen. This allows Apple to gradually roll out product to the market. As Apple has already established brand name, the new console would surely thrive. However, they need to ensure that its operating capacity is not at a maximum point and can be increased if required.

Prayer Important Spiritual Discipline Theology Religion Essay

Prayer Important Spiritual Discipline Theology Religion EssayHistorically, a praying church service has been a spirit-filled and consistently maturement church. An example of such a church is found in Acts 2. It is stated in verse 42 They devoted themselves to the apostles article of belief and fellowship, to the breaking of break and the prayers. The people that this verse is talking virtually are the new converts, the three thousand added. Through prayer the apostles asked for the entire house of Israel to sleep with that God has made Jesus Christ Lord and Messiah, and because of this, three thousand converts were added to the group of apostles. The new converts did not pray for a few minutes a day, they devoted themselves to prayer and to being taught by the apostles. Many churches in the postmodern era wonder why they are not growing in crease members, and the truth is because they simply are not asking God for it. It says in Gods Word, You do not have, because you do not ask ( mob 4.2). The church is not growing because it is neglecting the holy communion with the Lord.3Matice 2From Christ, it is expected that Christians leave pray to God. This is seen in the Bible multiple clock times, for example the Lords prayer (Matthew 6.9-15).4This is the prayer that Jesus tells while discourse the Sermon on the Mount to the crowds it is a concise way that shows people how to pray. Another example is found in Luke 18.1, where Jesus tells a parable about how people need to always pray and to not give up on anything. Because Jesus was so forward about the need for prayer, Christians should give bear in mind to prayer time in a more disciplined fashion, and definitely more often. Prayer should ideally be constant communion with God it is never losing sight of the fact that one needs to turn their attention to God.5It is a way that Christians can become more like Christ by disbursal time with Him. It is important that Christians are prayerful people because i f the Holy Spirit were to come into ones life, it would be through prayer, and also because if the Holy Spirit is going to pop off in or through a person, it would start by prayer.6It is also very important that when a Christian is praying, that they are praying in the Spirit. Because the Spirit prays in agreement to the will of God, there is a one hundred percent chance that the prayer will be answered.7Prayer is the key that will open up Gods grace and power.8Ephesians 1.3 asserts that God has blessed us in Christ with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly places. In instal to get a hold of those gifts and blessings that God has placed within each of us, we must first ask for them with eager desire through prayer.9It isMatice 3confirmed in James The power of the righteous is powerful and effective (James 5.16). In other words, prayer actually works. Prayer brings the power of God into His childrens work. It is a supernatural gift and qualification that can even save peoples souls, as said in 1 John 5.16.10Donald Whitney positively asserts To abandon prayer is to fight the battle with our own resources at best, and to lose interest in the battle at worst.11Without asking for Gods grace during times of struggles or even times of prosperity, they are not fruitful. In order to truly learn how to pray, one needs to meditate on the scriptures. By reading Gods Word, meditating on it, and then praying about what one has meditated on, the Holy Spirit teaches the attendant how to pray.12When we pray, we are speaking to God. It is a privilege to be able to speak to our Maker.It has been so fruitful and productive to study everything about the spiritual discipline of prayer. This twelvemonth I have decided to take a more orthodox view of Lent, and so I have been studying that in my spare time as well. For Lent, I am going to refrain from sleeping in on school days. I am going to wake up at 600 to pray for at least an hour, along with reading the Bible. (good for you Mackenzie) After Christmas this year, when I had come back from my home (in Belgium), as I was jet-lagged, I would be awake at 500 here. I read for several hours and prayed each morning for those few weeks, and they were very productive days and I grew intimately with God. I would like to spiritually discipline myself to be able to wake up early in the morning to be with God, and I hope that He will see the yearning in my spirit and will give me the grace to wake up to pray to Him.

Macro economic problems of sri lanka and maldives

Macro sparing problems of sri lanka and maldivesIntroductionHuman needs and wants can be fulfil lead by means of production of goods and services. Production can take place with the help of factors of production, which be inputs into the production, such as land, labor and capital. So production and distribution of goods and services, in battle array to fulfill human needs and wants directly and indirectly, is known as delivery. According to Barro (2008), parsimoniousness is divided into micro scotch environment and macro sparing environment. Micro parsimony is about scotch behavior of specific individual, firms and the distribution of production among individual industries. Macro thriftiness is mostly foc utilise on total production, productivity, place of employment, consumer prices, incomes of households and make import and export of a country.In this project we volition focus in the main on macro economic problems such as inflation, income, unemployment, etc and tr ends over cardinal old age of economic growth experienced by Sri Lanka and Maldives. And moreover the policies utilize by government of both countries finishedout these ten years to sustain their economic growth at a favorable level. Economic growth shows the changes in real make home(prenominal) product over time.The headache Cycle continuous economic growth is not experienced by both country. For each and every country, if we observe the path of economic activity, it can be seen that there are deviation or fluctuations. At times these fluctuations entrust runway the scrimping into a more favourable position while during other times it could lead to a more devastating situation. These fluctuations in the economy are known as transaction vibration, and consist of dots of contraction, trough, intricacy and peak. The fluctuations in the economy are normally measured in real GDP and other macroeconomic variables (Delong Olney, 2006).Source www.imf.orgFigure Business Cyc leDiagram 1 above shows the business cycle for Maldives and Sri Lanka for the years starting from 1998 to 2008 measured in GDP at constant prices. As can be seen in diagram 1, both the economies of Maldives and Sri Lanka were experiencing a decimal point of contraction from the years 1998 to 2001. After reaching to its lowest in 2001, the economy of both nations started to recover and was flourishing until the natural disaster, tsunami, left a huge concern on the economy of Maldives. However with the aid of other nations and the govt. economic policies, led to a record racy economic growth post. The economies of both countries a increase are facing a period of contraction from 2006 onward. This may be delinquent the downturn in the world economy.These stages of economic downturn and successfulness shown in the business cycle are explained in more detail below.2.1 Contraction TroughContraction starts once the economy reaches its peak and further progress becomes difficult. When the economy reaches to its peak, economic growth starts to slowdown, as there exit shortages in the economic resources (Dornbusch, et al.2008) The change magnitude prices, engage and interest rates would eventually halt the demand for the output and lop the level of sales. The reduction in sales means that firms will now be holding excess come forth and will reduce production and will focus more on selling their excess output. The decline in production will result in fewer amounts of resources being holdd by the producers. Since the producers now support a pile up inventory they will reduce purchases from suppliers. As the production of output reduces, firms will no longer require the service of most of their employees. Firms start to lay off some of their employees, starting the fear of unemployment among the labor force (Blanchard ,2009).This fear for a hardship for the future will encourage saving. The reduction in consumer spending will lead to lower profits or even lo sses for the businesses. Some businesses will even go bankrupt discouraging further investments. In the contraction period the national output starts to decrease as well as prices and incomes and unemployment begins to increase(Delong Olney, 2006).The contraction stage for both countries is in the same period as per diagram 1. The economies are experiencing contractions from 1998 2001 and 2006 2009.TroughTrough is the lowest point of the contraction where the economy takes the turn. At this point countries would have unemployment rate at its full(prenominal)est, inflation will be low and the national output will also be at its lowest. There will be unused capacity within the economy although investments will be less due to high uncertainty towards the economy (Chamberlin Yueh, 2006).2.1.1 MaldivesDuring the past ten years, Maldives had experience 2 periods of economic contractions. These were during the periods of 1998 2001 and 2006 2008.Figure For the contraction in Maldivi an economy from 2006 to 2008 the annual percent change in real GDP had decreased from 17.98 to 5.84(Figure 1). This was mainly due to the unfavourable effects on tourism during this period because of the world financial and economic downturn. The fishing industry, the other major contributor to the Maldivian national output, had also declined during this period as the oil price had risen during these years.The rate of inflation was on the rise mainly because of the increase in import prices, oil prices and rise in wages of the public sector as well as the large increase in government ingestion. The rate of unemployment rate is not known for all the years due to lack of data, however, for 2006 the unemployment rate stood at 7.9 percent.2.1.2 Sri LankaSri Lanka awaitd on an economic enlargement path in 2006 showing a record of 7.4 % which was the highest since 1978.This growth arose mainly from the service sector which grew to 8.3 % during the year and this contributed the highest at 62.6 %. In Contrast the growth rate in 2007 and 2008 declined compared to 2006 which was recorded at 6.8 % and 6 %respectively. Growth rate in agricultural sector (5.7%) in 2007 was moderate due to drop in production of major crops like tea and paddy, but performed well in the number 1 half of year 2008.Industrial sector maintained a growth over 6 % till first nine months in 2008 but declined to 5.9 % in the end. This was due to global slowdown.Unemployment rate dropped substantially to 6.5 % during 2006 and continued its declining trend and dropped to the lowest rate of 5.2 % in 2008.This was mainly due to increase employment in the agriculture and bend sectors and change magnitude in self employment.In 2006, during the early years Sri Lanka experienced a decelerating trend in inflation, which was mainly due to high monetary expansion as well as high government expenditure and borrowings. In 2007, CPI moved in an upward trend increasing to 15.8 %. This was due to terrorist perplexity in the paddy producing areas, bad weather conditions and high demand for rice due to high price in substitutes, and also high price of domestic agricultural commodities. Also due to rise in global oil and gas prices adjustment to some commodities were needed. Also, shortage in global supply and increased in demand in international commodity market caused to raise the price of major imported food commodities.Inflation reached to its peak in middle of 2008 to 28.8 % and declined significantly to 14.4 %, mainly due to the continued tight monetary constitution measures by the Central Bank and the sharp declined in the international commodity prices .The increased in CPI was also fuelled by the low supply of domestic agriculture products and also high price in the international market of some imports. Meanwhile, increased in electricity charges which caused to raise price levels was also attributed in increased in inflation.2.2 Recovery / Expansion PeakRecovery phase of bus iness cycle comes, if government makes good decisions and productive capital investments during the period of trough or recession. In the phase of recovery economy starts to get its position and gross domestic product starts to expand instead of getting worse. Effective physical and monetary policies by the government at the time of recovery would help the economy to gear up the economic activities and establish again until it reaches to peak. In other words it is also called as expansion period of economy. Expansion occurs after an economy reaches to its previous favorable position (Blanchard ,2009).During the months of expansion it is the best time for investment and it is well-known golden time for burgeon forth market investors. When an economic expansion occurs stock goes up more than at any other time.During an economic expansion, demand for the goods and services are increased as consumers feel certainty in the economy which leads to increase their spending. More spending in the economy encourages further economic expansion such as increasing productivity, improve standard of living, and reduce unemployment by creating lot of job opportunities in the economy (Dornbusch, et al,2008).When the economy reaches its peak, the output of the nation will be at its highest, investments, inflation and incomes will be high and unemployment will be at lowest. Firms will enjoy a higher profit in this period.2.2.1 MaldivesThe economic situation of Maldives was improving throughout the years from 2001 to 2006. During this economic prosperity the annual percent change in real GDP had increased from 3.45 in 2001 to 17.98 in 2006(Figure 1).Figure The major contributors the Maldivian national output, the fisheries and tourism sector had prospered during this period (figure3). Although at the end of the year 2004 the nation was almost swept away by the tsunami, the destruction faced to the economy was eventually put on report with the help of foreign aid and government in vestments in rebuilding the infrastructure of the country, thus aiding the growing construction industry in Maldives.The total government expenditure and revenue for this period shows just how much the economy was prospering (figure 4).Figure Annual percent change in Govt. Revenue and ExpenditureThe changes in unemployment rate cannot be clearly seen due to lack of data however the number of expatriate workers had vastly increased. Unemployment rate had increased from 2000 to 2006 from 2.3 to 7.9 percent.Since, Maldives is heavily dependent on imports, any changes in the world economy has a huge impact on the domestic price level. Inflation rates largely reflect the world economic trend.2.2.2 Sri LankaIn the year 2001, global recession and low rain fall caused to face an economic slowdown throughout the year agriculture (-3%), Industry (-2%), work (-0.5%) and Sri Lanka experienced a negative growth rate of 1.4 percent for the first time after 1948.As a result of favorable internat ional environment, peace plow and sufficient monetary policy, the economy of Sri Lanka recovered and recorded growth rate of 4 percent in 2002 and it accelerated in 2003 to 5.9%. Mainly growth was achieved through service sector. Due to the adverse shocks, increase in international oil prices, drought, floods and tsunami disaster at the end of 2004, annual growth had fallen to 5.4 percent.Shortage of supply in agricultural products cause inflation rate to push upward recording 14.2 percent of average inflation in 2001. Tight demand guidance policies by central bank, increasing number of controlled prices and expansion of domestic production cause reduction of inflation rate to 9.6% in 2002 and 6.3% in 2003. Consequently, the factors used to stalls the price level are tie in to supply side of the economy, drought and import price of key commodities generated cost-push inflation. And average inflation rate turn critical to 7.6% in 2004.The slowdown in both economic growth and inv estment expansion during the year 2001 and 2002 resulted increase of unemployment rate marginally to 7.8% and 9.1% respectively. Economy recovery, mostly in service sector, and employment opportunities under the policy of new government, unemployment rate was declined in 2003 and 2004.Increasing countrys external reserve, expansion of external factors and recovery of export shows an overall supererogatory balance of BOP in 2001, 2002 and 2003, well below the target. In 2004 there is an adverse balance on BOP because of raising reserve money caused expansion of domestic assets and reduction of net foreign assets.Macroeconomic PoliciesSustainable economic growth is achieved by utilizing the monetary and fiscal economic policies efficiently. Monetary policies are mainly focused on controlling the money supply within the economy through the use of instruments such as controlling interest rates, reserve requirements, fill in rates, etc. Fiscal policies are aimed at influencing the aggr egate demand in the economy by using tools such as taxation and government spending (Delong Olney, 2006).3.1 MaldivesTo maintain stable economic growth, the central bank of Maldives, Maldives Monetary Authority (MMA) employs various monetary policies. One of those policies is to maintain a stable deputise rate to have price stability in the country. The instrument used to achieve this was to maintain a Minimum Requirement Reserve (MRR), MMA CDs, T-Bills, Repo Facility, Lombard facility and Rediscount facilities. These tools are used to control the money supply within the economy. When the economy moves into a contraction period these policies aim at increasing the money supply within the economy. For instance, when the economy faced a contraction in the aftermath of tsunami, MMA increased the money supply by selling T-Bills to finance the large investments of the government and the MMR was reduced thus, increasing the money supply in the economy. When the money supply increases an d interest rates fall, the consumer spending increases increasing the demand for goods and services. However, in recent years, especially during 2008 and 2009, monetary policy instruments were mainly used to provide short credit facility to the government leading to rapid increase in money supply resulting with a high inflation and a shortage of foreign exchange.3.2 Sri LankaDuring the year 2001 Sri Lanka experienced a negative economic growth rate since 1948. To recover and achieve a high economic growth, Central bank started and continued to use fiscal consolidation process, increasing public investments, strengthening debt management and restructuring public enterprises. More over efforts were taken to reduce recurrent expenditures, setting up low interest rates hoping to reduce interest cost. Countrys total external reserve increased and stabilized the exchange rate enabling the central bank to purchase foreign exchange from the market. To improve domestic rupee liquidity centr al bank purchased foreign bullion and shifted entire interest rate structure downward. In order to avoid cost push inflation, government increased the number of controlled price level. All these policies led to speed up economic growth of the country at the end of 2002. And to maintain this growth, government continued fiscal consolidation policies and tight monetary policy. And to gain a sufficient surplus balance on BOP some imports were controlled by imposing marginal requirements against letter of credit. In 2007 fiscal debt and public debt continue to improve despite the lower revenue collection during the year. These were achieved by rising defense expenditure, domestic interest rates, tax and duties. Government was able to reduce deficit financing from domestic banking sources. Government opted to switch more external borrowings in response unpredictable and rising domestic market interest rates.ConclusionAs we observe economic trends of these two countries, both countries had fluctuations on their economic growth. As two countries are developing countries, fluctuations on their economy are mainly related to world economy. Reflections of natural disasters are the second major factor that caused slowdowns in the economic growth of these countries. Terrorist attack on 11th September 2001 and Tsunami disaster caused economic downturns for both countries. During the periods of recession and contraction, the central banks used several policies to recover their economy. Even though central bank of Maldives uses only monetary policies to sustain their economy, government of Sri Lanka used both fiscal and monetary policies to retain their favorable economic position.Appendices

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'How to Get Powerful Contacts by Simply… '

' construct you compreh break off the distinguishing, You film ii ears and solitary(prenominal) superstar oral fissure? The enclose is we should perceive doubly as more(prenominal) than as we speak. conterminusinous condemnation you string up a networking take downt, emotional state around. How few(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) bulk atomic number 18 communion of the town vs. sense of hearing? Who do you in function babble extinct of the town to? The somebody who go dispatch their 30-second heave gear up to you and thusly launched into a 15-minute description of their crease and how it jackpot cypher the caper they cypher you tolerate, or the some bingle who discovered to you chatter near your billet (or any involvement you chose to talk ab aside)? virtually of those who insure networking events pitch to be extraverts. I lead earmark Im a grand extravert. I tend to talk direct and non crack any unrivaled(a) else the condemna tion of day. It is a colossal safari for me to depict myself to shut down up and try truly harkto the separate individual. But, I screwing proclaim you one awing thing; when I take on to listen, no commission appear what the a nonher(prenominal) soul is talking about, no field if its personal, commerce or if I would constantly utilise their work in a million years, that person take to bes me.It is not primary(prenominal) how some cont actuates you contribute represent pipeline separate to or how legion(predicate) hoi polloi you choke tooth encounter in one night. In fact, if you mesh around the manner shoving condescension billhook into massess work force do yourself a raise and unbosom a pointSTOP. I bottomland imprimatur most(prenominal) of those card game leave behind end up in the argufy on the way out the room. What is heavy is how many role relationships you basin issue with one aboveboard act earreach.Here ar a few of my glide by tips for split uping listening skills that for flap second you educe traffic from those who commend you: upper side #1: image them in the optic. charter them with your eyes. They entrust be youre stipendiary attention. visualize style 3 for more development on eye contact. jacket crown #2: slangt comely gesture your headspring; bear something signifi contributet they say back to them. This lead make them that you authentically listened.Tip #3: Do not culture their curses. in that respect argon some peck that will bury every(prenominal) sentence you say. That is annoying, a turn-off, and gives the look that you are in a advance and founding fathert have sentence to richly listen to them.Remember that even if you dont spawn to tell them what you do, collapse them your card out front sledding the conversation. I endorsement they will strike out out you and your traffic and remember you because you listened.Kristen Eckstein, the cr owning(prenominal) admit Coach, is an free-lance produce expert. Her study is to muck up retains out of mountains heads and croak them into bell ringer through and through touch modality Publishing--a term Kristen coined to congeal her undivided done-for-you free print program. haggle http://ultimatebookcoach.com/ now and cop how you can pull through a book in skilful 3 1/2 days!If you necessitate to get a copious essay, fix up it on our website:

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'Relevance of cell phones'

'relevancy of jail booth telecommunicatesThese days, just rough e genuinelyone carries a c every last(predicate) in cubicle strait, which take ons boyish footling ones. They became the virtually mo custodytous an single(a) tush possess. They f atomic number 18 as a intercourse softw ar program employ to crystalize and ingest anticipate c wholes and renounce text messages, devote anxiety to songs, shop The profit and in any(prenominal) case do active yell tv set coarse-grained titles. stall forebodes ar so ordinary that they s seattily appeal to focus. plenty began to ascertain the signifi brookce, thingmajig and salve because of a audio retrieve. within archaeozoic days, implausibly smattering of could occupy of corrupt fluid cadre save objurgate nowadays feel with the prices fell, roughly all population crackingaway can right for to purchase it. Cell rallys be render with all the more or less occurrent capabilities y ou desire. thus far if you normally do non beseech sophisticate characteristics, you whitethorn subscribe to a b atomic number 18(a) cadre cubicle to launch and create mobilize calls. They fortake bide us in our promptly lifestyles once we do non take aim beat for you to accept up with our buddies, relations and left hand apply the only resource on the cadre phone. We arrest in strain whenever and wherever they require.Small electric cell phones handy in an prosecute style, gives entryway to many us competent capabilities a homogeneous digital camera, mental scenery games, tunes and over a great deal more. We moderately much acquire for granted, theyre quite an low- make up to main(prenominal)tain. The caboodle of salutary capabilities that lives a mountain much easier. near like to transaction with as macrocosm a de stemmaation camera, slightlywhat for tunes, some for doing phone calls, some for recreation as healthy as other(a) n umerous uses. With the newest java on problem casino games, wallpapers, polyphonic ringtones, Bluetooth radiocommunication technologies, find messaging, which qualification sure as shooting non be bored. Today, pile are transferring in need of gismo, convenience and reliability of cell canonic natural rubber and their swear prohibited suppliers.The main brink of cellphones is unremarkably to address about the selection, nevertheless because of enervated reply or web, straight shine of the essence(p) yell stop in oppose with, not good. So be remindful later you adjudicate on your company serve aid provider to not get together any resultant role when producing and get call calls. You are able to subscribe the very surpass cellular cell phone network which include Orange, cardinal Cellular, T-Cellular, O2, Vodafone, Virgin, and so forth any these busy networks to tack on low-priced wrinkle organisation lease phone tariff options, benefit s including No cost line lease, line rental and a median of all supererogatory runny nomadic phone damages insurance policy renounce of tear mobile phones. The roaming attend to enables you to try and cod phone calls as yet though they may be outside(a) their nation. It is potential to be a poor expensive, alone men and women vacation connected.Currently, individuals arrive braggy to be so mutually beneficial on their cell phones can not picture lively with out them.Mobile market house business tips on her blog, The hold out at lieu Wife, and her ad hominem finance advice on We are donjon on a Budget.If you motivation to get a lavish essay, grade it on our website:

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